[pve-devel] [PATCH qemu-server 03/14] blockdev: convert ovmf && efidisk to blockdev

[Alexandre Derumier via pve-devel <pve-devel@lists.proxmox.com>]

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From: Alexandre Derumier <alexandre.derumier@groupe-cyllene.com>
To: pve-devel@lists.proxmox.com
Subject: [PATCH qemu-server 03/14] blockdev: convert ovmf && efidisk to blockdev
Date: Tue, 22 Apr 2025 13:51:27 +0200
Message-ID: <20250422115141.808427-7-alexandre.derumier@groupe-cyllene.com>

Fixme:

for rbd, we force writeback to qemu and rbd_cache_policy=writback to rbd path, which is not allowed in blockdev
Is is still needed ? as qemu seem to have implemented a buffer in
https://github.com/qemu/qemu/commit/284a7ee2e290e0c9b8cd3ea6164d92386933054f

size was specified in -drive because of a bug
(see commit 818ce80ec1a89c4abee61145c858b9323180e31b)
blockdev don't seem to have this option, is it still needed with blockdev-mirror ?

need to test live-migration && state restore to see if we need to keep old drive
syntax with version guard. (that mean keep also the old drive mirror code)

Signed-off-by: Alexandre Derumier <alexandre.derumier@groupe-cyllene.com>
---
 PVE/QemuServer.pm                             | 42 ++++++++++++-------
 PVE/QemuServer/Drive.pm                       | 15 ++++++-
 test/cfg2cmd/efi-raw-old.conf.cmd             |  7 ++--
 test/cfg2cmd/efi-raw-template.conf.cmd        |  7 ++--
 test/cfg2cmd/efi-raw.conf.cmd                 |  7 ++--
 test/cfg2cmd/efi-secboot-and-tpm-q35.conf.cmd |  7 ++--
 test/cfg2cmd/efi-secboot-and-tpm.conf.cmd     |  7 ++--
 test/cfg2cmd/efidisk-on-rbd.conf.cmd          |  7 ++--
 test/cfg2cmd/i440fx-win10-hostpci.conf.cmd    |  7 ++--
 .../q35-linux-hostpci-mapping.conf.cmd        |  7 ++--
 .../q35-linux-hostpci-multifunction.conf.cmd  |  7 ++--
 .../q35-linux-hostpci-template.conf.cmd       |  7 ++--
 ...q35-linux-hostpci-x-pci-overrides.conf.cmd |  7 ++--
 test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci.conf.cmd       |  7 ++--
 test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple-6.0.conf.cmd          |  7 ++--
 test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple-7.0.conf.cmd          |  7 ++--
 test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple-pinned-6.1.conf.cmd   |  7 ++--
 test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple.conf.cmd              |  7 ++--
 test/cfg2cmd/q35-win10-hostpci.conf.cmd       |  7 ++--
 test/cfg2cmd/sev-es.conf.cmd                  |  7 ++--
 test/cfg2cmd/sev-std.conf.cmd                 |  7 ++--
 21 files changed, 115 insertions(+), 75 deletions(-)

diff --git a/PVE/QemuServer.pm b/PVE/QemuServer.pm
index fed0ef2b..85745ee4 100644
--- a/PVE/QemuServer.pm
+++ b/PVE/QemuServer.pm
@@ -3235,7 +3235,7 @@ my sub should_disable_smm {
 	$vga->{type} && $vga->{type} =~ m/^(serial\d+|none)$/;
 }
 
-my sub print_ovmf_drive_commandlines {
+my sub generate_ovmf_blockdev {
     my ($conf, $storecfg, $vmid, $arch, $q35, $version_guard) = @_;
 
     my $d = $conf->{efidisk0} ? parse_drive('efidisk0', $conf->{efidisk0}) : undef;
@@ -3246,7 +3246,10 @@ my sub print_ovmf_drive_commandlines {
 
     my ($ovmf_code, $ovmf_vars) = get_ovmf_files($arch, $d, $q35, $amd_sev_type);
 
-    my $var_drive_str = "if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0";
+    my $ovmf_code_drive = { file => $ovmf_code, ro => 1, interface => 'pflash', index => '0' };
+
+    my $ovmf_blockdev = generate_drive_blockdev($storecfg, $ovmf_code_drive);
+
     if ($d) {
 	my ($storeid, $volname) = PVE::Storage::parse_volume_id($d->{file}, 1);
 	my ($path, $format) = $d->@{'file', 'format'};
@@ -3256,24 +3259,28 @@ my sub print_ovmf_drive_commandlines {
 	} elsif (!defined($format)) {
 	    die "efidisk format must be specified\n";
 	}
-	# SPI flash does lots of read-modify-write OPs, without writeback this gets really slow #3329
-	if ($path =~ m/^rbd:/) {
-	    $var_drive_str .= ',cache=writeback';
-	    $path .= ':rbd_cache_policy=writeback'; # avoid write-around, we *need* to cache writes too
-	}
-	$var_drive_str .= ",format=$format,file=$path";
 
-	$var_drive_str .= ",size=" . (-s $ovmf_vars) if $format eq 'raw' && $version_guard->(4, 1, 2);
-	$var_drive_str .= ',readonly=on' if drive_is_read_only($conf, $d);
+	# SPI flash does lots of read-modify-write OPs, without writeback this gets really slow #3329
+	$d->{cache} = 'writeback' if $path =~ m/^rbd:/;
+	# is it still needed ? https://github.com/qemu/qemu/commit/284a7ee2e290e0c9b8cd3ea6164d92386933054f
+
+	# fixme: how to specify size with blockdev ? do we need still need it or it was because of old drive
+	# pflash hack ?
+	# see commit 818ce80ec1a89c4abee61145c858b9323180e31b
+	# $var_drive_str .= ",size=" . (-s $ovmf_vars) if $format eq 'raw' && $version_guard->(4, 1, 2);
+	$d->{ro} = JSON::true if drive_is_read_only($conf, $d);
     } else {
 	log_warn("no efidisk configured! Using temporary efivars disk.");
 	my $path = "/tmp/$vmid-ovmf.fd";
 	PVE::Tools::file_copy($ovmf_vars, $path, -s $ovmf_vars);
-	$var_drive_str .= ",format=raw,file=$path";
-	$var_drive_str .= ",size=" . (-s $ovmf_vars) if $version_guard->(4, 1, 2);
+	$d->{file} = $path;
+	# $var_drive_str .= ",size=" . (-s $ovmf_vars) if $version_guard->(4, 1, 2);
     }
 
-    return ("if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=$ovmf_code", $var_drive_str);
+    my $var_blockdev = generate_drive_blockdev($storecfg, $d);
+    my $throttle_group = print_drive_throttle_group($d);
+
+    return ($ovmf_blockdev, $var_blockdev, $throttle_group);
 }
 
 my sub get_vga_properties {
@@ -3456,10 +3463,13 @@ sub config_to_command {
 	    }
 	    push $cmd->@*, '-bios', get_ovmf_files($arch, undef, undef, $amd_sev_type);
 	} else {
-	    my ($code_drive_str, $var_drive_str) = print_ovmf_drive_commandlines(
+	    my ($code_blockdev, $var_blockdev, $throttle_group) = generate_ovmf_blockdev(
 		$conf, $storecfg, $vmid, $arch, $q35, $version_guard);
-	    push $cmd->@*, '-drive', $code_drive_str;
-	    push $cmd->@*, '-drive', $var_drive_str;
+
+	    push @$devices, '-object', $throttle_group;
+	    push $cmd->@*, '-blockdev', JSON->new->canonical->allow_nonref->encode($code_blockdev);
+	    push $cmd->@*, '-blockdev', JSON->new->canonical->allow_nonref->encode($var_blockdev);
+	    push @$machineFlags, "pflash0=$code_blockdev->{'node-name'}", "pflash1=$var_blockdev->{'node-name'}";
 	}
     }
 
diff --git a/PVE/QemuServer/Drive.pm b/PVE/QemuServer/Drive.pm
index 1a9242e1..72434f52 100644
--- a/PVE/QemuServer/Drive.pm
+++ b/PVE/QemuServer/Drive.pm
@@ -1071,6 +1071,8 @@ sub generate_file_blockdev {
     my ($storecfg, $drive, $snap, $nodename) = @_;
 
     my $volid = $drive->{file};
+    my $driveid = get_drive_id($drive);
+
     my $blockdev = {};
 
     my $scfg = undef;
@@ -1110,6 +1112,11 @@ sub generate_file_blockdev {
 	$blockdev->{'conf'} = $options->{'conf'} if $options->{'conf'};
 	$blockdev->{'user'} = $options->{'id'} if $options->{'id'};
 
+	# SPI flash does lots of read-modify-write OPs, without writeback this gets really slow #3329
+	# avoid write-around, we *need* to cache writes too for efi disk
+	# FIXME: we can't set rbd custom values in rbd blockdev: do we still need it ?
+	# $blockdev->{'rbd_cache_policy'} = 'writeback' if $driveid eq 'efidisk0';
+
 	if($options->{'mon_host'}) {
 	    my $server = [];
 	    my @mons = split(';', $options->{'mon_host'});
@@ -1167,7 +1174,7 @@ sub generate_file_blockdev {
 
     $blockdev->{cache} = generate_blockdev_drive_cache($drive, $scfg);
     #non-host qemu block driver (rbd, gluster,iscsi,..) don't have aio attribute
-    $blockdev->{aio} = generate_blockdev_drive_aio($drive, $scfg) if $blockdev->{filename};
+    $blockdev->{aio} = generate_blockdev_drive_aio($drive, $scfg) if $blockdev->{filename} && $drive->{interface} !~ m/^(pflash|efidisk)$/;
 
     ##discard && detect-zeroes
     my $discard = 'ignore';
@@ -1186,7 +1193,8 @@ sub generate_file_blockdev {
 	# This used to be our default with discard not being specified:
 	$detect_zeroes = 'on';
     }
-    $blockdev->{'detect-zeroes'} = $detect_zeroes if !drive_is_cdrom($drive);
+
+    $blockdev->{'detect-zeroes'} = $detect_zeroes if !drive_is_cdrom($drive) && $drive->{interface} !~ m/^(pflash|efidisk)$/;
 
     $nodename = encode_nodename('file', $volid, $snap) if !$nodename;
     $blockdev->{'node-name'} = $nodename;
@@ -1255,6 +1263,9 @@ sub generate_drive_blockdev {
     my $blockdev_file = generate_file_blockdev($storecfg, $drive);
     my $blockdev_format = generate_format_blockdev($storecfg, $drive, $blockdev_file);
 
+    #pflash0 don't support throttle-filter
+    return $blockdev_format if $drive_id eq 'pflash0';
+
     my $blockdev_live_restore = undef;
     if ($live_restore_name) {
         die "$drive_id: Proxmox Backup Server backed drive cannot auto-detect the format\n"
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/efi-raw-old.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/efi-raw-old.conf.cmd
index 3990de38..cfea5c08 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/efi-raw-old.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/efi-raw-old.conf.cmd
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=7b10d7af-b932-4c66-b2c3-3996152ec465' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=raw,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-disk-100-0.raw' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd","node-name":"e-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws"},"node-name":"f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws","read-only":true}'
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-disk-100-0.raw","node-name":"e-2lc6uRlbPUs6Si4A2GQOg0qicCW"},"node-name":"f-2lc6uRlbPUs6Si4A2GQOg0qicCW","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -smp '1,sockets=1,cores=1,maxcpus=1' \
   -nodefaults \
   -boot 'menu=on,strict=on,reboot-timeout=1000,splash=/usr/share/qemu-server/bootsplash.jpg' \
@@ -19,9 +19,10 @@
   -m 512 \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.1,chassis_nr=1,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1e' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.2,chassis_nr=2,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1f' \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -device 'piix3-usb-uhci,id=uhci,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1.0x2' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=uhci.0,port=1' \
   -device 'VGA,id=vga,bus=pci.0,addr=0x2' \
   -device 'virtio-balloon-pci,id=balloon0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x3' \
   -iscsi 'initiator-name=iqn.1993-08.org.debian:01:aabbccddeeff' \
-  -machine 'type=pc-i440fx-4.1+pve0'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,type=pc-i440fx-4.1+pve0'
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/efi-raw-template.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/efi-raw-template.conf.cmd
index ee9b0683..5d6e83c6 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/efi-raw-template.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/efi-raw-template.conf.cmd
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
   -mon 'chardev=qmp-event,mode=control' \
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=raw,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/base-disk-100-0.raw,size=131072,readonly=on' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd","node-name":"e-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws"},"node-name":"f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws","read-only":true}' \
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/base-disk-100-0.raw","node-name":"e-5ATbcxKbL6wm0IU2wAmSqYkmaYY"},"node-name":"f-5ATbcxKbL6wm0IU2wAmSqYkmaYY","read-only":true},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -smp '1,sockets=1,cores=1,maxcpus=1' \
   -nodefaults \
   -boot 'menu=on,strict=on,reboot-timeout=1000,splash=/usr/share/qemu-server/bootsplash.jpg' \
@@ -21,9 +21,10 @@
   -global 'PIIX4_PM.disable_s4=1' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.1,chassis_nr=1,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1e' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.2,chassis_nr=2,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1f' \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -device 'piix3-usb-uhci,id=uhci,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1.0x2' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=uhci.0,port=1' \
   -device 'virtio-balloon-pci,id=balloon0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x3,free-page-reporting=on' \
   -iscsi 'initiator-name=iqn.1993-08.org.debian:01:aabbccddeeff' \
-  -machine 'accel=tcg,type=pc+pve1' \
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,accel=tcg,type=pc+pve1' \
   -snapshot
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/efi-raw.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/efi-raw.conf.cmd
index 9d2c57ec..c24a22ce 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/efi-raw.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/efi-raw.conf.cmd
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=7b10d7af-b932-4c66-b2c3-3996152ec465' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=raw,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-disk-100-0.raw,size=131072' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd","node-name":"e-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws"},"node-name":"f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws","read-only":true}' \
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-disk-100-0.raw","node-name":"e-2lc6uRlbPUs6Si4A2GQOg0qicCW"},"node-name":"f-2lc6uRlbPUs6Si4A2GQOg0qicCW","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -smp '1,sockets=1,cores=1,maxcpus=1' \
   -nodefaults \
   -boot 'menu=on,strict=on,reboot-timeout=1000,splash=/usr/share/qemu-server/bootsplash.jpg' \
@@ -21,9 +21,10 @@
   -global 'PIIX4_PM.disable_s4=1' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.1,chassis_nr=1,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1e' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.2,chassis_nr=2,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1f' \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -device 'piix3-usb-uhci,id=uhci,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1.0x2' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=uhci.0,port=1' \
   -device 'VGA,id=vga,bus=pci.0,addr=0x2' \
   -device 'virtio-balloon-pci,id=balloon0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x3,free-page-reporting=on' \
   -iscsi 'initiator-name=iqn.1993-08.org.debian:01:aabbccddeeff' \
-  -machine 'type=pc+pve1'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,type=pc+pve1'
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/efi-secboot-and-tpm-q35.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/efi-secboot-and-tpm-q35.conf.cmd
index 16d58fdf..762b7b93 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/efi-secboot-and-tpm-q35.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/efi-secboot-and-tpm-q35.conf.cmd
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=7b10d7af-b932-4c66-b2c3-3996152ec465' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE_4M.secboot.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=raw,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-disk-100-0.raw,size=540672' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE_4M.secboot.fd","node-name":"e-5KLU1JFuj26s2YWi2qIwa6GWooG"},"node-name":"f-5KLU1JFuj26s2YWi2qIwa6GWooG","read-only":true}' \
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-disk-100-0.raw","node-name":"e-2lc6uRlbPUs6Si4A2GQOg0qicCW"},"node-name":"f-2lc6uRlbPUs6Si4A2GQOg0qicCW","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -smp '1,sockets=1,cores=1,maxcpus=1' \
   -nodefaults \
   -boot 'menu=on,strict=on,reboot-timeout=1000,splash=/usr/share/qemu-server/bootsplash.jpg' \
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
   -m 512 \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.disable_s3=1' \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.disable_s4=1' \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -readconfig /usr/share/qemu-server/pve-q35-4.0.cfg \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=ehci.0,port=1' \
   -chardev 'socket,id=tpmchar,path=/var/run/qemu-server/8006.swtpm' \
@@ -27,4 +28,4 @@
   -device 'VGA,id=vga,bus=pcie.0,addr=0x1' \
   -device 'virtio-balloon-pci,id=balloon0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x3,free-page-reporting=on' \
   -iscsi 'initiator-name=iqn.1993-08.org.debian:01:aabbccddeeff' \
-  -machine 'type=q35+pve1'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-5KLU1JFuj26s2YWi2qIwa6GWooG,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,type=q35+pve1'
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/efi-secboot-and-tpm.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/efi-secboot-and-tpm.conf.cmd
index 1dd76a0a..84b0d806 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/efi-secboot-and-tpm.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/efi-secboot-and-tpm.conf.cmd
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=7b10d7af-b932-4c66-b2c3-3996152ec465' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE_4M.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=raw,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-disk-100-0.raw,size=540672' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE_4M.fd","node-name":"e-EZlnnyuTA0O8GkASqSEMwmmyysG"},"node-name":"f-EZlnnyuTA0O8GkASqSEMwmmyysG","read-only":true}'
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-disk-100-0.raw","node-name":"e-2lc6uRlbPUs6Si4A2GQOg0qicCW"},"node-name":"f-2lc6uRlbPUs6Si4A2GQOg0qicCW","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -smp '1,sockets=1,cores=1,maxcpus=1' \
   -nodefaults \
   -boot 'menu=on,strict=on,reboot-timeout=1000,splash=/usr/share/qemu-server/bootsplash.jpg' \
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
   -global 'PIIX4_PM.disable_s4=1' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.1,chassis_nr=1,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1e' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.2,chassis_nr=2,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1f' \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -device 'piix3-usb-uhci,id=uhci,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1.0x2' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=uhci.0,port=1' \
   -chardev 'socket,id=tpmchar,path=/var/run/qemu-server/8006.swtpm' \
@@ -29,4 +30,4 @@
   -device 'VGA,id=vga,bus=pci.0,addr=0x2' \
   -device 'virtio-balloon-pci,id=balloon0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x3,free-page-reporting=on' \
   -iscsi 'initiator-name=iqn.1993-08.org.debian:01:aabbccddeeff' \
-  -machine 'type=pc+pve1'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-EZlnnyuTA0O8GkASqSEMwmmyysG,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,type=pc+pve1' \
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/efidisk-on-rbd.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/efidisk-on-rbd.conf.cmd
index c8cd79ac..b58d3de8 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/efidisk-on-rbd.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/efidisk-on-rbd.conf.cmd
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=3dd750ce-d910-44d0-9493-525c0be4e688' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,cache=writeback,format=raw,file=rbd:cpool/vm-100-disk-1:mon_host=127.0.0.42;127.0.0.21;[\:\:1]:auth_supported=none:rbd_cache_policy=writeback,size=131072' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd","node-name":"e-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws"},"node-name":"f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws","read-only":true}' \
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":false,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"auth-client-required":["none"],"cache":{"direct":false,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"rbd","image":"vm-100-disk-1","node-name":"e-7WUU8WN0lcKEkEy6uaYQqUCsKEs","pool":"cpool","server":[{"host":"127.0.0.42","port":"3300"},{"host":"127.0.0.21","port":"3300"},{"host":"::1","port":"3300"}]},"node-name":"f-7WUU8WN0lcKEkEy6uaYQqUCsKEs","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -smp '1,sockets=1,cores=1,maxcpus=1' \
   -nodefaults \
   -boot 'menu=on,strict=on,reboot-timeout=1000,splash=/usr/share/qemu-server/bootsplash.jpg' \
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
   -global 'PIIX4_PM.disable_s4=1' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.1,chassis_nr=1,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1e' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.2,chassis_nr=2,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1f' \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -device 'vmgenid,guid=54d1c06c-8f5b-440f-b5b2-6eab1380e13a' \
   -device 'piix3-usb-uhci,id=uhci,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1.0x2' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=uhci.0,port=1' \
@@ -31,4 +32,4 @@
   -iscsi 'initiator-name=iqn.1993-08.org.debian:01:aabbccddeeff' \
   -netdev 'type=tap,id=net0,ifname=tap8006i0,script=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridge,downscript=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridgedown,vhost=on' \
   -device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=2E:01:68:F9:9C:87,netdev=net0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x12,id=net0,rx_queue_size=1024,tx_queue_size=256,bootindex=300' \
-  -machine 'type=pc+pve1'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,type=pc+pve1'
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/i440fx-win10-hostpci.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/i440fx-win10-hostpci.conf.cmd
index ca648dab..b14de558 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/i440fx-win10-hostpci.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/i440fx-win10-hostpci.conf.cmd
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=3dd750ce-d910-44d0-9493-525c0be4e687' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=qcow2,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd","node-name":"e-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws"},"node-name":"f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws","read-only":true}' \
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"qcow2","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2","node-name":"e-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K"},"node-name":"f-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -smp '2,sockets=2,cores=1,maxcpus=2' \
   -nodefaults \
   -boot 'menu=on,strict=on,reboot-timeout=1000,splash=/usr/share/qemu-server/bootsplash.jpg' \
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
   -numa 'node,nodeid=1,cpus=1,memdev=ram-node1' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.1,chassis_nr=1,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1e' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.2,chassis_nr=2,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1f' \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -device 'vmgenid,guid=54d1c06c-8f5b-440f-b5b2-6eab1380e13d' \
   -device 'piix3-usb-uhci,id=uhci,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1.0x2' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=uhci.0,port=1' \
@@ -34,4 +35,4 @@
   -netdev 'type=tap,id=net0,ifname=tap8006i0,script=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridge,downscript=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridgedown,vhost=on' \
   -device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=2E:01:68:F9:9C:87,netdev=net0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x12,id=net0,bootindex=300' \
   -rtc 'driftfix=slew,base=localtime' \
-  -machine 'hpet=off,type=pc-i440fx-5.1+pve0'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,hpet=off,type=pc-i440fx-5.1+pve0'
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci-mapping.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci-mapping.conf.cmd
index 533e1983..2d393066 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci-mapping.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci-mapping.conf.cmd
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=3dd750ce-d910-44d0-9493-525c0be4e687' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=qcow2,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd","node-name":"e-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws"},"node-name":"f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws","read-only":true}' \
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"qcow2","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2","node-name":"e-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K"},"node-name":"f-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.acpi-pci-hotplug-with-bridge-support=off' \
   -smp '2,sockets=2,cores=1,maxcpus=2' \
   -nodefaults \
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
   -numa 'node,nodeid=1,cpus=1,memdev=ram-node1' \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.disable_s3=1' \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.disable_s4=1' \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -readconfig /usr/share/qemu-server/pve-q35-4.0.cfg \
   -device 'vmgenid,guid=54d1c06c-8f5b-440f-b5b2-6eab1380e13d' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=ehci.0,port=1' \
@@ -35,4 +36,4 @@
   -iscsi 'initiator-name=iqn.1993-08.org.debian:01:aabbccddeeff' \
   -netdev 'type=tap,id=net0,ifname=tap8006i0,script=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridge,downscript=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridgedown,vhost=on' \
   -device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=2E:01:68:F9:9C:87,netdev=net0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x12,id=net0,rx_queue_size=1024,tx_queue_size=256,bootindex=300' \
-  -machine 'type=q35+pve1'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,type=q35+pve1'
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci-multifunction.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci-multifunction.conf.cmd
index 07609745..193cfee6 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci-multifunction.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci-multifunction.conf.cmd
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=3dd750ce-d910-44d0-9493-525c0be4e687' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=qcow2,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd","node-name":"e-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws"},"node-name":"f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws","read-only":true}' \
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"qcow2","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2","node-name":"e-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K"},"node-name":"f-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.acpi-pci-hotplug-with-bridge-support=off' \
   -smp '2,sockets=2,cores=1,maxcpus=2' \
   -nodefaults \
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
   -numa 'node,nodeid=1,cpus=1,memdev=ram-node1' \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.disable_s3=1' \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.disable_s4=1' \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -readconfig /usr/share/qemu-server/pve-q35-4.0.cfg \
   -device 'vmgenid,guid=54d1c06c-8f5b-440f-b5b2-6eab1380e13d' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=ehci.0,port=1' \
@@ -35,4 +36,4 @@
   -iscsi 'initiator-name=iqn.1993-08.org.debian:01:aabbccddeeff' \
   -netdev 'type=tap,id=net0,ifname=tap8006i0,script=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridge,downscript=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridgedown,vhost=on' \
   -device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=2E:01:68:F9:9C:87,netdev=net0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x12,id=net0,rx_queue_size=1024,tx_queue_size=256,bootindex=300' \
-  -machine 'type=q35+pve1'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,type=q35+pve1'
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci-template.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci-template.conf.cmd
index fcee635f..7b99788a 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci-template.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci-template.conf.cmd
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
   -mon 'chardev=qmp-event,mode=control' \
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=qcow2,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/base-100-disk-1.qcow2,readonly=on' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd","node-name":"e-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws"},"node-name":"f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws","read-only":true}' \
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"qcow2","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/base-100-disk-1.qcow2","node-name":"e-9Jhq1WNiwSsAISiGaCEW80ygeYG"},"node-name":"f-9Jhq1WNiwSsAISiGaCEW80ygeYG","read-only":true},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -smp '1,sockets=1,cores=1,maxcpus=1' \
   -nodefaults \
   -boot 'menu=on,strict=on,reboot-timeout=1000,splash=/usr/share/qemu-server/bootsplash.jpg' \
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
   -global 'PIIX4_PM.disable_s4=1' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.1,chassis_nr=1,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1e' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.2,chassis_nr=2,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1f' \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}'
   -device 'piix3-usb-uhci,id=uhci,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1.0x2' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=uhci.0,port=1' \
   -device 'virtio-balloon-pci,id=balloon0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x3,free-page-reporting=on' \
@@ -29,5 +30,5 @@
   -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-scsi0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"aio":"io_uring","cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"detect-zeroes":"on","discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/base-100-disk-2.raw","node-name":"e-3nPTM162JEOAymkwqg2Ww2QUioK"},"node-name":"f-3nPTM162JEOAymkwqg2Ww2QUioK","read-only":true},"node-name":"drive-scsi0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-scsi0"}' \
   -device 'scsi-hd,bus=scsihw0.0,channel=0,scsi-id=0,lun=0,drive=drive-scsi0,id=scsi0' \
-  -machine 'accel=tcg,type=pc+pve1' \
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,accel=tcg,type=pc+pve1' \
   -snapshot
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci-x-pci-overrides.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci-x-pci-overrides.conf.cmd
index ca8e03b9..64f45f5d 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci-x-pci-overrides.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci-x-pci-overrides.conf.cmd
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=3dd750ce-d910-44d0-9493-525c0be4e687' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=qcow2,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd","node-name":"e-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws"},"node-name":"f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws","read-only":true}' \
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"qcow2","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2","node-name":"e-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K"},"node-name":"f-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.acpi-pci-hotplug-with-bridge-support=off' \
   -smp '2,sockets=2,cores=1,maxcpus=2' \
   -nodefaults \
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
   -numa 'node,nodeid=1,cpus=1,memdev=ram-node1' \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.disable_s3=1' \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.disable_s4=1' \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -readconfig /usr/share/qemu-server/pve-q35-4.0.cfg \
   -device 'vmgenid,guid=54d1c06c-8f5b-440f-b5b2-6eab1380e13d' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=ehci.0,port=1' \
@@ -34,4 +35,4 @@
   -iscsi 'initiator-name=iqn.1993-08.org.debian:01:aabbccddeeff' \
   -netdev 'type=tap,id=net0,ifname=tap8006i0,script=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridge,downscript=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridgedown,vhost=on' \
   -device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=2E:01:68:F9:9C:87,netdev=net0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x12,id=net0,rx_queue_size=1024,tx_queue_size=256,bootindex=300' \
-  -machine 'type=q35+pve1'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,type=q35+pve1'
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci.conf.cmd
index 1bebae18..41f2f3cb 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-linux-hostpci.conf.cmd
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=3dd750ce-d910-44d0-9493-525c0be4e687' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=qcow2,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd","node-name":"e-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws"},"node-name":"f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws","read-only":true}' \
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"qcow2","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2","node-name":"e-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K"},"node-name":"f-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.acpi-pci-hotplug-with-bridge-support=off' \
   -smp '2,sockets=2,cores=1,maxcpus=2' \
   -nodefaults \
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
   -numa 'node,nodeid=1,cpus=1,memdev=ram-node1' \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.disable_s3=1' \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.disable_s4=1' \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -readconfig /usr/share/qemu-server/pve-q35-4.0.cfg \
   -device 'vmgenid,guid=54d1c06c-8f5b-440f-b5b2-6eab1380e13d' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=ehci.0,port=1' \
@@ -40,4 +41,4 @@
   -iscsi 'initiator-name=iqn.1993-08.org.debian:01:aabbccddeeff' \
   -netdev 'type=tap,id=net0,ifname=tap8006i0,script=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridge,downscript=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridgedown,vhost=on' \
   -device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=2E:01:68:F9:9C:87,netdev=net0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x12,id=net0,rx_queue_size=1024,tx_queue_size=256,bootindex=300' \
-  -machine 'type=q35+pve1'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,type=q35+pve1'
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple-6.0.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple-6.0.conf.cmd
index 858dd11c..9dca6eb1 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple-6.0.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple-6.0.conf.cmd
@@ -9,14 +9,15 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=3dd750ce-d910-44d0-9493-525c0be4e687' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=qcow2,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd","node-name":"e-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws"},"node-name":"f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws","read-only":true}' \
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"qcow2","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2","node-name":"e-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K"},"node-name":"f-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -smp '2,sockets=1,cores=2,maxcpus=2' \
   -nodefaults \
   -boot 'menu=on,strict=on,reboot-timeout=1000,splash=/usr/share/qemu-server/bootsplash.jpg' \
   -vnc 'unix:/var/run/qemu-server/8006.vnc,password=on' \
   -cpu kvm64,enforce,+kvm_pv_eoi,+kvm_pv_unhalt,+lahf_lm,+sep \
   -m 512 \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -readconfig /usr/share/qemu-server/pve-q35-4.0.cfg \
   -device 'vmgenid,guid=54d1c06c-8f5b-440f-b5b2-6eab1380e13d' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=ehci.0,port=1' \
@@ -25,4 +26,4 @@
   -iscsi 'initiator-name=iqn.1993-08.org.debian:01:aabbccddeeff' \
   -netdev 'type=tap,id=net0,ifname=tap8006i0,script=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridge,downscript=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridgedown,vhost=on' \
   -device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=2E:01:68:F9:9C:87,netdev=net0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x12,id=net0,bootindex=300' \
-  -machine 'type=pc-q35-6.0+pve0'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,type=pc-q35-6.0+pve0'
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple-7.0.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple-7.0.conf.cmd
index 7a241d09..bb74aa2c 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple-7.0.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple-7.0.conf.cmd
@@ -9,14 +9,15 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=3dd750ce-d910-44d0-9493-525c0be4e687' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=qcow2,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd","node-name":"e-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws"},"node-name":"f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws","read-only":true}' \
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"qcow2","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2","node-name":"e-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K"},"node-name":"f-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -smp '2,sockets=1,cores=2,maxcpus=2' \
   -nodefaults \
   -boot 'menu=on,strict=on,reboot-timeout=1000,splash=/usr/share/qemu-server/bootsplash.jpg' \
   -vnc 'unix:/var/run/qemu-server/8006.vnc,password=on' \
   -cpu kvm64,enforce,+kvm_pv_eoi,+kvm_pv_unhalt,+lahf_lm,+sep \
   -m 512 \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -readconfig /usr/share/qemu-server/pve-q35-4.0.cfg \
   -device 'vmgenid,guid=54d1c06c-8f5b-440f-b5b2-6eab1380e13d' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=ehci.0,port=1' \
@@ -25,4 +26,4 @@
   -iscsi 'initiator-name=iqn.1993-08.org.debian:01:aabbccddeeff' \
   -netdev 'type=tap,id=net0,ifname=tap8006i0,script=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridge,downscript=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridgedown,vhost=on' \
   -device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=2E:01:68:F9:9C:87,netdev=net0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x12,id=net0,bootindex=300' \
-  -machine 'type=pc-q35-7.0+pve0'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,type=pc-q35-7.0+pve0'
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple-pinned-6.1.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple-pinned-6.1.conf.cmd
index 24a2e299..5e290797 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple-pinned-6.1.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple-pinned-6.1.conf.cmd
@@ -9,14 +9,15 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=3dd750ce-d910-44d0-9493-525c0be4e687' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=qcow2,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd","node-name":"e-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws"},"node-name":"f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws","read-only":true}' \
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"qcow2","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2","node-name":"e-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K"},"node-name":"f-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -smp '2,sockets=1,cores=2,maxcpus=2' \
   -nodefaults \
   -boot 'menu=on,strict=on,reboot-timeout=1000,splash=/usr/share/qemu-server/bootsplash.jpg' \
   -vnc 'unix:/var/run/qemu-server/8006.vnc,password=on' \
   -cpu kvm64,enforce,+kvm_pv_eoi,+kvm_pv_unhalt,+lahf_lm,+sep \
   -m 512 \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -readconfig /usr/share/qemu-server/pve-q35-4.0.cfg \
   -device 'vmgenid,guid=54d1c06c-8f5b-440f-b5b2-6eab1380e13d' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=ehci.0,port=1' \
@@ -25,4 +26,4 @@
   -iscsi 'initiator-name=iqn.1993-08.org.debian:01:aabbccddeeff' \
   -netdev 'type=tap,id=net0,ifname=tap8006i0,script=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridge,downscript=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridgedown,vhost=on' \
   -device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=2E:01:68:F9:9C:87,netdev=net0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x12,id=net0,bootindex=300' \
-  -machine 'type=pc-q35-6.1+pve0'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,type=pc-q35-6.1+pve0'
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple.conf.cmd
index f42b42d5..da4aa4a4 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-simple.conf.cmd
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=3dd750ce-d910-44d0-9493-525c0be4e687' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=qcow2,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd","node-name":"e-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws"},"node-name":"f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws","read-only":true}' \
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"qcow2","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2","node-name":"e-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K"},"node-name":"f-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.acpi-pci-hotplug-with-bridge-support=off' \
   -smp '2,sockets=1,cores=2,maxcpus=2' \
   -nodefaults \
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
   -m 512 \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.disable_s3=1' \
   -global 'ICH9-LPC.disable_s4=1' \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -readconfig /usr/share/qemu-server/pve-q35-4.0.cfg \
   -device 'vmgenid,guid=54d1c06c-8f5b-440f-b5b2-6eab1380e13d' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=ehci.0,port=1' \
@@ -28,4 +29,4 @@
   -iscsi 'initiator-name=iqn.1993-08.org.debian:01:aabbccddeeff' \
   -netdev 'type=tap,id=net0,ifname=tap8006i0,script=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridge,downscript=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridgedown,vhost=on' \
   -device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=2E:01:68:F9:9C:87,netdev=net0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x12,id=net0,rx_queue_size=1024,tx_queue_size=256,bootindex=300' \
-  -machine 'type=q35+pve1'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,type=q35+pve1'
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-win10-hostpci.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-win10-hostpci.conf.cmd
index 3a4dd6ec..6b756f31 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/q35-win10-hostpci.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/q35-win10-hostpci.conf.cmd
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=3dd750ce-d910-44d0-9493-525c0be4e687' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=qcow2,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CODE.fd","node-name":"e-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws"},"node-name":"f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws","read-only":true}' \
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"qcow2","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-100-disk-1.qcow2","node-name":"e-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K"},"node-name":"f-YmZE4AYMcYc6MkGe04mCmUEo22K","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -smp '2,sockets=2,cores=1,maxcpus=2' \
   -nodefaults \
   -boot 'menu=on,strict=on,reboot-timeout=1000,splash=/usr/share/qemu-server/bootsplash.jpg' \
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
   -numa 'node,nodeid=0,cpus=0,memdev=ram-node0' \
   -object 'memory-backend-ram,id=ram-node1,size=256M' \
   -numa 'node,nodeid=1,cpus=1,memdev=ram-node1' \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -readconfig /usr/share/qemu-server/pve-q35-4.0.cfg \
   -device 'vmgenid,guid=54d1c06c-8f5b-440f-b5b2-6eab1380e13d' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=ehci.0,port=1' \
@@ -35,4 +36,4 @@
   -netdev 'type=tap,id=net0,ifname=tap8006i0,script=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridge,downscript=/usr/libexec/qemu-server/pve-bridgedown,vhost=on' \
   -device 'virtio-net-pci,mac=2E:01:68:F9:9C:87,netdev=net0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x12,id=net0,bootindex=300' \
   -rtc 'driftfix=slew,base=localtime' \
-  -machine 'hpet=off,type=pc-q35-5.1+pve0'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-WxbgqVgkl6KMmuyWKSKESesSKws,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,hpet=off,type=pc-q35-5.1+pve0'
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/sev-es.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/sev-es.conf.cmd
index 266b63a5..41a859e4 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/sev-es.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/sev-es.conf.cmd
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=7b10d7af-b932-4c66-b2c3-3996152ec465' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CVM_CODE_4M.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=raw,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-disk-100-0.raw,size=540672' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CVM_CODE_4M.fd","node-name":"e-Egy95mPdB2m26CC4EwGQ88as0o"},"node-name":"f-Egy95mPdB2m26CC4EwGQ88as0o","read-only":true}'
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-disk-100-0.raw","node-name":"e-2lc6uRlbPUs6Si4A2GQOg0qicCW"},"node-name":"f-2lc6uRlbPUs6Si4A2GQOg0qicCW","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -smp '1,sockets=1,cores=1,maxcpus=1' \
   -nodefaults \
   -boot 'menu=on,strict=on,reboot-timeout=1000,splash=/usr/share/qemu-server/bootsplash.jpg' \
@@ -21,10 +21,11 @@
   -global 'PIIX4_PM.disable_s4=1' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.1,chassis_nr=1,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1e' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.2,chassis_nr=2,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1f' \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -device 'piix3-usb-uhci,id=uhci,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1.0x2' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=uhci.0,port=1' \
   -device 'VGA,id=vga,bus=pci.0,addr=0x2' \
   -device 'virtio-balloon-pci,id=balloon0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x3,free-page-reporting=on' \
   -iscsi 'initiator-name=iqn.1993-08.org.debian:01:aabbccddeeff' \
   -object 'sev-guest,id=sev0,cbitpos=51,reduced-phys-bits=6,policy=0xc' \
-  -machine 'type=pc+pve1,confidential-guest-support=sev0'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-Egy95mPdB2m26CC4EwGQ88as0o,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,type=pc+pve1,confidential-guest-support=sev0'
diff --git a/test/cfg2cmd/sev-std.conf.cmd b/test/cfg2cmd/sev-std.conf.cmd
index 76edce07..28a80863 100644
--- a/test/cfg2cmd/sev-std.conf.cmd
+++ b/test/cfg2cmd/sev-std.conf.cmd
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
   -pidfile /var/run/qemu-server/8006.pid \
   -daemonize \
   -smbios 'type=1,uuid=7b10d7af-b932-4c66-b2c3-3996152ec465' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=0,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CVM_CODE_4M.fd' \
-  -drive 'if=pflash,unit=1,id=drive-efidisk0,format=raw,file=/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-disk-100-0.raw,size=540672' \
+  -blockdev '{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/usr/share/pve-edk2-firmware//OVMF_CVM_CODE_4M.fd","node-name":"e-Egy95mPdB2m26CC4EwGQ88as0o"},"node-name":"f-Egy95mPdB2m26CC4EwGQ88as0o","read-only":true}' \
+  -blockdev '{"driver":"throttle","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"driver":"raw","file":{"cache":{"direct":true,"no-flush":false},"discard":"ignore","driver":"file","filename":"/var/lib/vz/images/100/vm-disk-100-0.raw","node-name":"e-2lc6uRlbPUs6Si4A2GQOg0qicCW"},"node-name":"f-2lc6uRlbPUs6Si4A2GQOg0qicCW","read-only":false},"node-name":"drive-efidisk0","throttle-group":"throttle-drive-efidisk0"}' \
   -smp '1,sockets=1,cores=1,maxcpus=1' \
   -nodefaults \
   -boot 'menu=on,strict=on,reboot-timeout=1000,splash=/usr/share/qemu-server/bootsplash.jpg' \
@@ -21,10 +21,11 @@
   -global 'PIIX4_PM.disable_s4=1' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.1,chassis_nr=1,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1e' \
   -device 'pci-bridge,id=pci.2,chassis_nr=2,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1f' \
+  -object '{"id":"throttle-drive-efidisk0","limits":{},"qom-type":"throttle-group"}' \
   -device 'piix3-usb-uhci,id=uhci,bus=pci.0,addr=0x1.0x2' \
   -device 'usb-tablet,id=tablet,bus=uhci.0,port=1' \
   -device 'VGA,id=vga,bus=pci.0,addr=0x2' \
   -device 'virtio-balloon-pci,id=balloon0,bus=pci.0,addr=0x3,free-page-reporting=on' \
   -iscsi 'initiator-name=iqn.1993-08.org.debian:01:aabbccddeeff' \
   -object 'sev-guest,id=sev0,cbitpos=51,reduced-phys-bits=6,policy=0x8' \
-  -machine 'type=pc+pve1,confidential-guest-support=sev0'
+  -machine 'pflash0=f-Egy95mPdB2m26CC4EwGQ88as0o,pflash1=drive-efidisk0,type=pc+pve1,confidential-guest-support=sev0'
-- 
2.39.5



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